Exploring Shanghai's History and Culture

Duration: 1 day, Time: September, Cost per person: 50 yuan, Companions: Solo, Activities: Photography, Culture, Budget Travel, Saving Money. The author visited these places: Huangpu River, Shanghai Bund, Waibaidu Bridge, Bund World Architecture Exhibition Group, Lujiazui, Oriental Pearl Tower, Jin Mao Building, Shanghai Tower, Shanghai World Financial Center, Asia Building, HSBC Building, Customs Building, Nippon Building, Fairmont Peace Hotel, Bund 22, Sassoon House, Shanghai Urban History Development Exhibition Hall, Yangpu Bridge, Nanpu Bridge, River Cruise, Gongqing Forest Park. Published on 2019-12-16 21:08. [Imperial Ancient Architecture Collection] [Global Beauty Quest Legacy] [Huang Jian’s Blog Photo Album] Jumbo Heritage List ? Epic Adventure of Jumbo Huang. 839th Episode: Bustling Eastern Water Capital, Twin Dragons Play Pearls on the Huangpu River Beach. Original images (All images in this text are copyrighted by Jumbo Huang. For any form of republication, please contact the author: Jumbo_Huang@126.com, WeChat: Jumboheritagelist or Huang_Jumbo). All images in this photo album are strictly prohibited from being reposted in any form that is not complete! Please respect the copyright, especially reject various reprints with commercial website watermarks deliberately superimposed by hand! This work retains all rights. The images in the work shall not be used directly or indirectly for any commercial activities for profit, and violators will be prosecuted. Some text content in this text may come from the public network or public domain, and is used for personal learning, research, and appreciation without explicit commercial purposes. Original photo source: [Imperial Ancient Architecture Collection], [Global Beauty Quest Legacy], and [Huang Jian’s Blog Photo Album]. Notice: Image copyright belongs to Jumbo Huang, Part of Text citation resources was from public domain. After a 14-year absence, I returned to Shanghai Bund. Besides the surging Huangpu River, everything along the way has changed, and the world has transformed. The scene of four university classmates gathering in Shanghai 14 years ago, full of vigor and discussing ambitiously, is still vivid. There are more ships sailing on the Huangpu River, and the Bund has been rebuilt. Foreign tourists can be seen from time to time. The Bund is located on the banks of the Huangpu River in Huangpu District, Shanghai, also known as the outer Huangpu Beach, and is a historical and cultural district in China. Since 1844 (the 24th year of the Daoguang Emperor of the Qing Dynasty), this area of the Bund has been designated as the British Concession, becoming a true portrayal of Shanghai’s foreign concessions and the starting point of the old Shanghai concession area and the entire modern city of Shanghai.
The Bund, stretching 1.5 kilometers long, starts from Yan’an East Road in the south and ends at the Waibaidu Bridge over the Suzhou River in the north. To the east lies the Huangpu River, while the west is the concentration of old Shanghai’s financial and foreign trade institutions. After Shanghai was opened as a commercial port, foreign banks, trading houses, clubs, and newspapers began to gather here, making the Bund the financial center of China and even the Far East. In August of the 32nd year of the Republic of China (1943), the Bund was returned to the puppet Nationalist Government of Shanghai, ending a century-long concession period. By the 34th year of the Republic of China (1945), it officially became Zhongshan East First Road. The Bund stands with 52 buildings of diverse classical revival styles, known as the Bund’s World Architecture Exhibition, which is one of the significant historical sites and representative buildings of modern China, and one of Shanghai’s landmarks. In November 1996, the State Council listed it as a fourth batch of national key cultural relics protection units. Across the river from the Bund, in Pudong’s Lujiazui, are the iconic Shanghai buildings like the Oriental Pearl Tower, Jin Mao Tower, Shanghai Tower, and Shanghai World Financial Center, symbolizing China’s reform and opening up and a microcosm of Shanghai’s modern construction. In March 2018, Shanghai’s Bund, on the basis of fully advancing the functional transformation of the ‘first facade’ (i.e., the riverside building complex), also started the functional transformation of the ‘second facade’ (i.e., the Bund building complex that is not riverside). Since the 1840s, after the concessions were seized by countries like Britain and France, the Bund became a sovereign area where Western powers operated, managed, and constructed in their own way. Once trading houses and financial enterprises established their presence on the Bund, they embarked on large-scale construction of company buildings, and most of the Bund’s buildings have been rebuilt three or more times. In the 20th century, due to the development of architectural technology and the growth of economic strength, multi-story and high-rise buildings appeared on the Bund with various styles, such as British classical, British neoclassical, British Renaissance-style Asia Building (formerly Shanghai Metallurgical Design Institute), Shanghai Club (now Dongfeng Hotel), SPD Bank Building (formerly HSBC Building), and Cathay Building (now Foreign Trade Bureau Building). There are also French classical, French mansion-style, Gothic, Baroque, modern Western, East Indian, eclectic, and Sino-Western mixed styles, presenting a coexistence of world architectural styles. Thus, the architectural complex from the Waibaidu Bridge over the Suzhou River in the north to Zhongshan East First Road Jining East Road in the south is known as the ‘World Architecture Exhibition.’ These buildings that coexist with classicism and modernism have become a symbol of Shanghai. The Bund has a total of 33 buildings, some of which are still used by some units and institutions, such as the Customs Building at No. 13 on the Bund, built in the 16th year of the Republic of China (1927), which is still the location of the Shanghai Customs; the Bank of Communications Building at No. 14 on the Bund, the youngest building on the Bund, built in the 37th year of the Republic of China (1948), has been used by the Shanghai Federation of Trade Unions since the founding of our country.

Some buildings serve as headquarters for banks and insurance companies from various countries, as well as high-end hotels. For instance, the Asia Building at No. 1 the Bund, constructed in 1913; the Nippon Yusen Building, also known as the Shipping Building, completed in the 14th year of the Republic of China (1925), originally belonged to the Nippon Yusen Company; the HSBC Building, also known as the Municipal Building, built in the same year; the British Club, whose first-floor bar boasts a 110.7-foot bar counter, claimed to be the longest in the East, and now operates as the Dongfeng Hotel; the No. 19 Bund Zhong Hotel Building, today known as the Peace Hotel; the Sassoon Building at No. 22, completed in the 18th year of the Republic of China (1929), was the tallest building on the Bund and is also part of the Peace Hotel today. Buildings No. 3, 6, and 18 have been renovated and developed into high-end leisure, shopping, and entertainment venues, marking the coordinates of luxury consumption in Shanghai. Numbers 10 to 12 currently house the Shanghai Pudong Development Bank, originally the location of the Shanghai branch of the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation, built in the 12th year of the Republic of China (1923). The three bronze doors and the bronze lions on either side were specially cast in the UK, with the molds destroyed immediately after casting, making the lions unique treasures. A prominent octagonal lobby is located in the center of the ground floor, leading to a spacious business hall. The lobby’s ceiling features eight colorful mosaic murals, depicting the architectural styles of eight major cities including Shanghai, Hong Kong, London, Paris, New York, Tokyo, Bangkok, and Calcutta in the early 20th century. The murals are accompanied by the words ‘All men are brothers within the four seas.’ After the liberation, the Shanghai Municipal Government used to operate from this building. This building cost 8 million taels of silver and was praised as ‘the most exquisite building from the Suez Canal to the Bering Strait.’ No. 13 is now the Customs House, a sister building to the HSBC Building, constructed in the 16th year of the Republic of China (1927), and its exterior clock, modeled after the British Parliament’s Big Ben, was manufactured by the British Joyce Company and assembled in Shanghai. The clock is the largest in Asia and one of the most famous in the world (one of only three existing Westminster bells, the other two being the British Parliament’s Big Ben and the Spasskaya Tower Clock in Red Square, Russia). It originally played the Westminster chimes on the hour, which was changed to ‘The East is Red’ during the Cultural Revolution. Nos. 19 and 20: Now the Peace Hotel, divided into the South Building and the North Building, the South Building was originally the Zhong Hotel Building, and the North Building was originally the Cathay Hotel Building. The Zhong Hotel is one of the oldest existing hotels in Shanghai, built in the fourth year of the Xianfeng Emperor of the Qing Dynasty (1854), and was the most luxurious hotel in Shanghai. It was renovated in the 32nd year of the Guangxu Emperor (1906), during which the first elevator in old China was installed in a building, and in 1965 it was changed to the Peace Hotel South Building; the Cathay Hotel, invested by real estate tycoon Sassoon, also known as the Sassoon Building, was acclaimed as ‘the best in the Far East,’ and in 1956 it was changed to the Peace Hotel North Building.
The street block architecture in the Bund section pays attention to individuality, creating a collaged scene effect. There are neoclassical walls and baroque gable walls, including British, Italian, French, Spanish, and so on. For example, the new eclecticism style of Whiteaway Laidlaw & Co., the new baroque clear water red brick walls and flat continuous arches of Wells Fargo & Co. and the Chartered Mercantile Bank of India, London & China, the alternating red and white walls and Indian-style lateral colonnades of the Palace Hotel, and the American art deco shape and green dome of the Sassoon House all highlight architectural individuality. After passing the berth of the Shanghai Port Pilot Station, I looked up and saw the Oriental Pearl TV Tower. It had already been completed in 2005. The Oriental Pearl Radio & TV Tower is one of the iconic cultural landscapes of Shanghai. It is located in Lujiazui, Pudong New Area. The tower is about 468 meters high. The construction of this building began in July 1991 and it was put into use in May 1995. It undertakes six sets of wireless television transmission services in Shanghai, with a regional coverage radius of 80 kilometers. The Oriental Pearl Radio & TV Tower is one of the first batch of AAAAA-level tourist attractions in the country. Inside the tower, there are landscapes and facilities such as a space capsule, a revolving restaurant, and the Exhibition Hall of Shanghai’s Urban Historical Development. In 1995, it was listed as one of the ten new landscapes in Shanghai. The Oriental Pearl Radio & TV Tower is a multi-barrel structure. The main trunk is three hollow giant pillars with a diameter of 9 meters and a height of 287 meters. There are crossbeams 6 meters high connecting the pillars. At an elevation of 93 meters, it is supported by three inclined pillars with a diameter of 7 meters. The inclined pillars form a 60-degree angle with the ground. The building has 425 foundation piles buried 12 meters into the ground. Three steel structure spheres weighing thousands of tons are suspended at heights of 112 meters, 295 meters, and 350 meters above the tower body respectively. The reinforced concrete building is reinforced with three nearly 100-meter-high inclined braces. The TV tower has three spheres: the lower sphere, the upper sphere, and the top sphere. The top sphere is called the space hall. The center elevation is 342 meters and the sphere diameter is 16 meters. There are four floors in total, which are the elevator machine room, conference hall, sightseeing floor, and pipeline floor. For the upper and lower spheres, according to different stress characteristics, the upper sphere is a suspended structure and the lower sphere is a prestressed concrete shell. The upper sphere has a diameter of 45 meters and a center elevation of 272.5 meters. There are nine floors in total, which are the public equipment floor, FM radio room, cooling equipment floor, transmission room, KTV private room in the air, revolving restaurant, observation platform, microwave room, and upper sphere power distribution room. The lower sphere has a diameter of 50 meters and a center elevation of 93 meters. There are four floors in total. As an indoor amusement park, the lower sphere power distribution room is located in a bowl-shaped shell. The three vertical cylinders are connected by five crossbeams to form five small spheres. Each sphere has a diameter of about 12 meters and is designed as a high-altitude hotel.
Ascending from the ground-level grand staircase to the base of the tower, the tower base has a diameter of 158.4 meters and spans three levels. The central part, with a diameter of 60 meters, encompasses a two-story high space that serves as the lobby and elevator hall of the TV tower. Surrounding this is a three-story tower base that houses a nearly 20,000 square meter shopping mall. The first level of the outer perimeter features a 15-meter-wide underground circular garage and VIP reception rooms. Inside the tower, there are a total of 6 escalators and 6 high-speed elevators. The entire tower base building is covered under a green roof and a circular driveway. The hollow tubular structure with diagonal bracing provides the TV tower with excellent seismic and wind resistance, designed to withstand ‘no damage at 7 magnitudes, no cracks at 8 magnitudes, and no collapse at 9 magnitudes.’ The topics of ‘Wind Engineering Experimental Research’ and ‘Seismic Engineering Experimental Research’ were appraised by experts in 1993 and recognized as reaching an internationally advanced level. As I was admiring the Oriental Pearl TV Tower, two beautiful women approached. One of them was dressed in a traditional Hanfu, elegant and graceful, yet the sight of her holding a fan in her right hand and a mobile phone in her left hand to make a call was quite surreal. Tourists from both China and abroad gathered together, and when some individuals with low public conduct displayed indecent behavior, patrolling security guards would step forward to reprimand them. While observing the ladies, I also enjoyed the river view: the Huangpu River is a landmark river of Shanghai, flowing through the urban area and dividing Shanghai into Puxi and Pudong. The Huangpu River is an important waterway for Shanghai, accepting the Suzhou River (Wusong River) at the Waibaidu Bridge in the city center before flowing into the Yangtze River at Wusongkou, making it the last tributary before the Yangtze River flows into the East China Sea. The Huangpu River is approximately 113 kilometers long, with a width ranging from 300 to 770 meters. It originates from the Dianshan Lake in Zhujiajiao Town, Qingpu District, Shanghai, where the lake receives numerous inflows from the upstream Taihu Lake basin. The term ‘Pu’ is an ancient Wu term for river, generally referring to man-made rivers. The lower reaches of the Huangpu River were once called Huangxiepu and Chunshenjiang, with some theories suggesting it was due to Shanghai being the fief of the Warring States period’s Lord Chunshen, Huangxie. The banks of the Huangpu River showcase the essence of Shanghai’s urban landscape. Multiple under-river car tunnels and bridges have been constructed over the Huangpu River. The Huangpu River is a multifunctional river with values for drinking water sources, shipping, flood discharge, fishing, and tourism. It is one of the earliest artificially dredged and regulated rivers in history. There is a legend about the excavation of the Huangpu River. Long ago, Shanghai was a desolate swampland with a meandering shallow river at its center. When there was too much rain, it would flood; when there was too little, the riverbed would be exposed. People suffered greatly and cursed it as the ‘beheaded river.’ During the Warring States period, Lord Huangxie of Chu came to the banks of this ‘beheaded river,’ tirelessly traced its origins, and led the people to dredge and regulate it, allowing it to flow directly into the Yangtze River estuary and into the East China Sea.
From then on, the people on both banks of the great river were no longer afraid of droughts or floods, living in peace and prosperity. Grateful for the benevolence of Huang Xie, they named the river after him, known as the Huang Xie River, or simply Huangpu. Later, when Huang Xie was ennobled as the Lord of Chunshen, the river also became known as the Chunshen River. Lord Chunshen, Huang Xie, was one of the four famous gentlemen of the Warring States period, with three thousand retainers and a bustling household. Records from the Southern Song Dynasty mention it by various names such as Huangpu Pond, Huangpu Port, Huangpu, and the Great Huangpu. It was first called Huangpu River during the Qing Dynasty, with aliases like Yellow Dragon Pu, Huang Xie Pu, and Chunshen Pu, among others. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, ‘the autumn waves of Huangpu’ were a grand spectacle, and on the 18th day of the eighth lunar month, one could witness the ‘silver waves standing like a collapsing mountain’ at Lujiazui. Before the Ming Dynasty, the Wusong River (Soochow Creek) was the main outlet to the sea from Taihu Lake, with the Huangpu River (known as ‘Huangpu’ before the Opium War) as its tributary. The lower reaches of the Wusong River at that time roughly flowed from Beixinxing through present-day Caoyang New Village to Tanziwan, then northeast along Qiujiang Road to Qiujiang Dock, following the northern section of today’s Huangpu River out of the Daqiao Pukou (later renamed Wusongkou) into the Yangtze River. Meanwhile, the Huangpu River originally flowed through Shanghai Pu (today’s Hongkou Port) near today’s Jiaxing Road Bridge into the Wusong River (this location was once called Huangpukou). At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, due to severe siltation of the Wusong River and blockage at Huangpukou, the Minister of Revenue, Xia Yuanji, dredged the tributaries on the north and south banks of the Wusong River, diverting Taihu Lake water into the Liuhe and Baicao rivers to flow directly into the Yangtze River (‘releasing Wusong into Liuhe’), and also dredged the Fanjia Bang (today’s Huangpu River from the Waibaidu Bridge to the复兴Island section), allowing Huangpu to flow northwest from today’s复兴Island to Wusongkou and into the Yangtze River. Since then, Wusongkou effectively became Huangpukou, hence the saying ‘Huangpu seizes Wusong’. According to records in the Qing Dynasty Tongzhi ‘Shanghai County Government’, during the Yongle era of the Ming Dynasty, Minister of Revenue Xia Yuanji dredged the Great Huangpu, converging with the Wusong River, through Fanjia Bang to Wusongkou and into the sea. Hai Rui supervised the construction of a dam and sluice on the east side of the Gold Confluence Port of the ancient Dongjiang (then commonly known as Hengliao Jing), causing most of the upstream water to turn north and flow through Huangpu, flushing the lower reaches of the Wusong River, thoroughly solving its siltation problem, and turning the ‘three rivers’ Wusong River into a tributary of Huangpu. After Hengliao Jing water flowed north, it became today’s Huangpu River, while only a small amount of water passed through the sluice port to flow directly into the sea along the old waterway, causing the lower reaches of the ancient Dongjiang river channel to silt up. This section of the river channel was later also commonly referred to as the sluice port. The Huangpu River, spanning 60 kilometers through the city, has a wide water surface and considerable depth, making it the location of Shanghai Port’s passenger and cargo terminals. Shanghai Port is China’s largest port for import and export traffic. Along the banks of the Huangpu River, more than 100 large and small docks have been built, including about fifty to sixty ten-thousand-ton deep-water berths.
The length of the waterfront has surpassed over 10 kilometers. The Huangpu River functions as a river port while also possessing characteristics of a seaport. The total length of the navigable channels in the river is approximately 60 kilometers, with an average width of 260 meters and a draft depth exceeding 8 meters. During the tour, visitors can observe the Yangpu and Nanpu bridges spanning the riverbanks, as well as the Oriental Pearl Tower of Shanghai. The two bridges, resembling two giant dragons lying across the Huangpu River, with the Oriental Pearl TV Tower in the middle, perfectly form a grand picture of ‘Two Dragons Playing with a Pearl.’ The west bank of the Huangpu River is lined with buildings of diverse styles, rich in exotic colors, representing various nations. In contrast, the east bank features towering modern buildings reaching into the sky. The cruise begins from the Bund Huangpu River Cruise Terminal and continues until the mouth of the Wusong River, covering a distance of about 30 kilometers. Shanghai locals refer to the cruise terminal as a ‘water restaurant,’ which hosts numerous types of restaurants. As the cruise proceeds downstream, the Bund is adorned with well-arranged Western-style buildings. At night, the lights are ablaze, creating a splendid and magnificent scene. After passing the Suzhou River, one can witness the Shanghai Port International Cruise Terminal, where cruise liners from around the world pass by with their horns blaring. Along the way, sights include the Gongqing Forest Park, the pagoda-shaped water tower of the Zhabei Power Plant, and the site of the West Battery at the mouth of the Wusong River, where the national hero Chen Huacheng once vowed to resist the British forces to the death. Beyond this point lies the vast Yangtze River. The Wusongkou is the estuary where the Huangpu River meets the Yangtze River and the East China Sea, and it is the location for the Wusong datum standard. Here, the water from the Huangpu River, carrying a grayish hue from the city, meets the yellow, silt-laden water from the Yangtze River, and the green water from the East China Sea, creating a spectacle known as the ‘Three-Colored Waters’ when they converge. Wusong Water Gate, Jiangwan Tower Shadow, Maple Island Fishing Lights, Rainbow Lying on Waves, Castle Dripping Emeralds, Water Droplets Reflecting Sunlight, Bund’s History, Oriental Water Metropolis, and Longhua Evening Bells constitute the ten must-see new sights along the Huangpu River. Today, Shanghai suffers from severe haze, which is not uncommon for large cities, and visibility is not very clear. I encountered a Chinese Hebei Deaf Tourism Group, with hundreds of people gathered together for a group photo. I stood by the river admiring the passing cargo ships. Later, as time was getting late, I walked to Shanghai’s pedestrian street, lined with shops and filled with beautiful women, with advertisements for the old Fengxiang brand everywhere. I went to the Shanghai Landmark Plaza, where many shops are distributed, and the crowd was dense. A beautiful woman led a group of students by. … I walked to the subway station, passing by some traditional Shanghai ancient buildings, encountering a group of police officers lined up, and reached the subway entrance, where I had lunch at a Shanghai restaurant next door. The service from the waitresses was average, and after a satisfying meal, I spent 32 yuan. Then, I took the Metro Line 2 for 11 yuan to reach Shanghai Pudong Airport.
The weather took a turn in the afternoon with a sudden drop in temperature. Upon arriving at the airport, I was pleasantly surprised to find advanced TOTO toilets installed in the public restrooms, complete with automatic bidet sprays for a hygienic experience, indicating the modernity of Shanghai’s airport facilities. In the 137th waiting hall, I greeted several foreign women and noticed dozens of rows of rechargeable desks. However, upon attempting to charge my phone, I found that the outlets were without power, prompting me to wash my face in the restroom instead. My college classmate, Yang Zheng, is traveling to Houston, Texas, the day after tomorrow, and I too have been to Dallas, also in Texas. Coincidentally, while Yang Zheng was transferring flights in Los Angeles, I happened to be sipping coffee at a Starbucks in the suburbs of Los Angeles… At 16:20, I saw a maglev train pass by, reminding me that it has been over a decade since I last rode one. At 18:00, I took the rapid train to the G101-G552 terminal, encountering dozens of elderly Hindu pilgrims. While looking for a place to rest, I was shocked to discover that the Web International English Training Company seemed to have gone bankrupt! The media is filled with reports like ‘Web International English Flees, Why Did a 20-Year-Old Institution Suddenly Collapse? Web International English, Established for 21 Years, Closes Down Overnight: Where Did the Pre-Collected Fees Go? Web International English Closes Shops on a Large Scale, Students Trapped in the ‘Training Loan’ Quagmire.’ For such news, I can only feel: not surprised, it was bound to happen, and there will be more in the future. The model cannot keep up with the times, the economy is declining, and the profit chain is too mature, inevitably leading to such issues. From 2012 to 2013, many institutions that mainly focused on adult English training gradually increased their youth and children’s English training programs, as any normal institution would realize that adult English training is a labor-intensive and unprofitable endeavor. (This does not include CET-4, CET-6, TOEFL, IELTS, and postgraduate entrance exam training.) Adult English training, from every process, is operationally challenging; if you want to recruit students honestly without tricks, you simply cannot survive. And those institutions that play tricks, as you have seen, have been reducing or transferring their adult English business segments in recent years. As a consumer and an industry insider, what you see is different. For example, many people have complained about the unsightly practices and false advertising of these adult English institutions. It’s hard to please everyone, and satisfaction is low. There are no quick results, and they cannot meet utilitarian demands. They cannot build a good reputation, their business is singular, and it’s difficult to further explore customers. In the past, traveling abroad without English was really challenging, but now many foreign shopping malls have Chinese sales assistants, such as at Los Angeles Airport and Japanese airports, and popular tourist islands have Chinese tour guides. It’s the same in business; in the past, being good at English could really shine in foreign companies because English was a scarce ability.
Now we will find that no one is promoted in foreign companies simply because of good English. Nowadays, good companies all require a bachelor’s degree. At least, a bachelor’s degree starts from CET-4. Without considering listening and speaking, it is almost at the level of target A2. More domestic adult English institutions target from zero foundation to A2. Few people learn up to B2 in English institutions. Overseas exams are not included in this category because the preparation strategies and intensities are completely different. In this way, the customer range has narrowed so much while the training level has not increased at all. Now there are diverse learning channels. Offline classes are no longer the only option. Although there were online courses before, the cost of online courses at that time was not low either. For second-tier cities, it is not much different from offline classes and there is still a sense of distance. The learning platform was also immature. Now it is different. Now most adults who learn English for self-improvement lack perseverance. They just want to pretend to work hard. The cost of a whim of twenty or thirty thousand is too high. Dozens of yuan for a reading WeChat training camp and some free online courses are more likely to make them sign up… Anyway, in the end they can’t stick to it. It’s just to prove that they are enriching themselves by posting on Moments. Then it’s better to choose a cheaper one. If you don’t learn well, you won’t feel heartache for the money. Moreover, for adults with learning ability, attending classes is like adding wings to a tiger. Self-study can also achieve some results. In fact, for adults, their own learning state is the most important. Adults who spend ten or twenty thousand or even more to enroll in classes. If they have unclear goals and are lazy, it’s better to save money and go on a trip. English needs to be used frequently to continuously improve. Just like the body. If you don’t exercise for a few weeks, the body will immediately collapse. The same is true for English. For adults who speak Chinese, if they don’t use English for a few days, their level will immediately regress to that of American children. I was flipping through magnificent masterpieces that span time such as ‘Audubon’ and ‘Birds of America’ at the terminal…

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